Disney’s second line: New Orleans, racial masquerade, and the reproduction of whiteness in The Princess and the Frog. In the Disney revival, though, Zeus retains his queen, while Hades rules the underworld alone. In particular, Hercules in his many incarnations has greatly influenced popular cultural interpretations of manliness and the exaggerated male form. He does not embrace his physical power, which makes him different, but is more concerned about how his superhuman strength means that he does not fit in. 2016. Likewise, when Faunus is rebuffed and thrown from Hercules’ bed, Ovid highlights the transference of visual dominance: Faunus is not only laughed at (ridet, 355, 356), but also looked at (qui videre iacentem, 355). In addition, Hercules’ preference for the more mundane rewards of a relationship in lieu of the exhibition of hypermasculinity may have been too avant-garde in 1997. From the Sleeping Princess to the World-Saving Daughter of the Chief: Examining Young Children’s Perceptions of ‘Old’ versus ‘New’ Disney Princess Characters. This research received no external funding. Nevertheless, the complexity of Megara’s role as a beautiful villain that ultimately ends up with the hero sharply contradicts what children are socialized to believe about how princess characters behave. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. 2010. In. When granted the ultimate strength of a god, though (literally shown theatrically through the glowing of his skin), Hercules willingly sacrifices his newfound power (and therefore his glow) to stay with Megara, potentially suggestive of the male preoccupation about shininess that is associated with sexual readiness (see, In his choice to remain with Megara, Hercules forgoes his long-sought, rightful place at Zeus’ right hand and the accompanying power of the position. From shapeshifter to lava monster: Gender stereotypes in Disney’s Moana. Even in the potentially destabilizing context of a banquet, Hercules still models stable masculinity. The Price Mothers Pay, Even When They Are Not Buying It: Mental Health Consequences of Idealized Motherhood. Mean ladies: Transgendered villains in Disney films. Instead he encourages decency and abstinence: He replaces her dress strap after it falls from her shoulder and discourages her advances by his refusals to take advantage of her sexual availability [57:43–58:58]. 2010. This book reassesses these films as a cinematic form, focusing on the depiction of heroic masculinity. A popular but complicated figure, he visualized the burdens and tensions of idealized masculinity. Ancient adversaries, such as Zeus and Hades, classified each other as rivals, not as demonic and inhuman (, Despite a successfully cultivated connection to the gay community (, Megara, a princess character from mythology (the daughter of King Creon of Thebes), exemplifies gender stereotypes by the emphasis on her looks and sexuality. Elnahla, Nada Ramadan. His muscular personage is representative of man in a direct way. As he comes of age, Hercules begins to realize he is different and embarks on a journey of self-discovery to the Temple of Zeus. The Great Hercules was published by Hendrick Goltzius in the city of Haarlem at a decisive moment in the revolt of the Netherlands against their Habsburg sovereign, Philip II of Spain.The huge engraving appeared on the eve of the renowned printmaker’s departure for Italy, where he would encounter and study the antique statues to which his print alludes. How Corporate Media Shape Youth Identity in the Digital Age. 2016. In, Rabison, Rebecca. The heroic tale of Hercules was an 2014. This compilation of clips from Disney movies displays the image of masculinity that the renowned entertainment company portrays. 2010. As a result, he ends up living his life on Earth as a half-mortal until his teenage years. What explains Megara’s melodramatic mood when singing about her repressed affection for Hercules? Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. 2013. Womanly wailing? In other words, though Hercules may (gender-)bend, he will never break. Gillam, Ken, and Shannon R. Wooden. In fact, from the beginning of the clothing exchange until Hercules’ successful repulsion of Faunus’ sexual advances, Hercules is never described as a whole (319-348); he is only ever presented in pieces. Instead, Hercules is large, hard, and hairy. analyzing hegemonic masculinity in Pocahontas. Heracles (/ ˈ h ɛr ə k l iː z / HERR-ə-kleez; Greek: Ἡρακλῆς, Hēraklês, Glory/Pride of Hēra, "Hera"), born Alcaeus (Ἀλκαῖος, Alkaios) (/ æ l ˈ s iː ə s /) or Alcides (Ἀλκείδης, Alkeidēs) (/ æ l ˈ s aɪ d iː z /), was a divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, and the foster son of Amphitryon. Ph.D., Duke University (1979). His body parts, however, do not at all conform to the erotically slender ideal that scopophilia expects. Hercules, or known in Latin as Heracles, was the greatest of the Greek heroes, a paragon of masculinity. Sissies, Mama’s Boys, and Tomboys: Is Children’s Gender Nonconformity More Acceptable When Nonconforming Traits Are Positive? Forbes. Kocoum is analyzed in section 4.5. On his journey of growth, Hercules meets Megara, and falls for her based solely on her physical beauty. Disney’s version strays significantly from the original myth, appropriating and altering major characters, such as Hera and Zeus, as well as Hercules. Another possibility may be that the complexities of gender traits and their implications could have been too confusing for young viewers to grasp. England, Dawn Elizabeth, Lara Descartes, and Melissa A. Collier-Meek. 8992; IX.3.5)—an image that Kampen herself cites in her article. What’s so funny about a snowman in a tiara? In art Hercules was portrayed as a powerful, muscular … I think the video suffers from one fatal flaw: it does not … The first instance is of Pain landing on a three-pronged decoration. 2017b. I really was attracted to you” and is then pummeled by Pegasus. Hercules, or known in Latin as Heracles, was the greatest of the Greek heroes, a paragon of masculinity. 2003. 2016. gender stereotypes; sexuality; heroism; hypermasculinity; selflessness; Hercules; Zeus; Megara, Brigham Young University Scholars Archive. So why does she fight falling in love with this ideal man? Disney has the power to help teach young boys and girls to both respect themselves and others as they are. Do Rozario, Rebecca-Anne C. 2004. Aging with Disney and the Gendering of Evil. On his mission to become a “true hero,” Hercules travels to Thebes. This is arguably the most pertinent point, suggesting Hercules is not a Disney prince. While Hercules does not display the characteristics normally expected in order to establish the hero’s dominance (when he relinquishes power and authority), his behaviors also exist within a context replete with other gender stereotypical behavior, which show that in expanding conceptions of male heroism, Disney may have created a character that was not sufficiently relatable. 2003. Representations of Women in Films Aimed at Young Girls: An Extended Literature Review. MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Griffin, Martyn, Nancy Harding, and Mark Learmonth. This same dynamic will bear out in the House of Marcus Lucretius, where gazing at Hercules’ undressed body, I will argue, arouses not anxiety but reassurance. They do so by making the most masculine characters all have a large amount of muscular strength. Pain and Panic embrace these classically villainous traits, and evoke an association between evil and the deviation from masculinity and heterosexuality (, Hades also conveys uncertain sexuality, especially in comparison to his adversary, Zeus. Pain’s avowal of attraction to Pegasus refers to when he and Panic transform themselves into a highly sexualized and feminine horse that causes Pegasus to extend his tongue, as if panting in lust [1:05:50–1:06:10]. Masculinity In Disney Films. The author declares no conflict of interest. You seem to have javascript disabled. 2010. In the Fasti episode, for example, the scene opens with Faunus seeing Hercules and Omphale from on high (vidit ab excelso, 2.306), and upon seeing Hercules, Faunus is incited with the lust that will impel him to attempt to rape Hercules. Hercules does not want to be superior in status to Meg, but rather merely wishes to be an equal. This statement is encompassed by Phil’s boasts of his superior abilities in training infamous male heroes; the only mention of a woman is a disparaging comment projecting the impossibility of female excellence in a profession traditionally portrayed as contingent on male determination. Pain’s sexuality is suggested during his character’s introduction, when he is sexually impaled twice when tumbling down stairs [7:04–17]. Hercules also was scrubbed of violent traits in the Disney version, including the omission of killing his music teacher (Linus) and taking women at will. Hercules and the King of Portugal investigates how representations of masculinity figure in the fashioning of Spanish national identity, scrutinizing ways that gender performances of two early modern male icons-Hercules and King Sebastian-are structured to express enduring nationhood. Each chapter considers a particular work or theme in detail, exploring this complex hero’s transformations of identity and significance in a wide range of modern media, including literature, visual arts and film. However, these Black women who belt out gospel music only serve a subsidiary role as sexualized women who voice appreciation for Hercules’ manly attributes; as women of color, they are not taken seriously as romantic prospects for Hercules, a facet of the film that has been condemned (see. Gender socialisation in early childhood and the Disney Princess franchise. The muscle-bound male body is a perennial feature of classically-inflected action cinema. Among the portraits and furniture I was drawn to a statue of the greek hero Hercules. The Limitations of the Discourse of Norms. Streiff, Madeline, and Lauren Dundes. In art Hercules was portrayed as a powerful, muscular man wearing lion's skin and armed with a huge club. In this scene, Pegasus attempts to resemble a damsel, which changes his physical appearance and mannerisms. When Hera asks Zeus what gift to bestow on Hercules, in keeping with a baby shower (, It is no mistake that Hera, the maternal figure in the film, embodies the definition of beautiful, while the Fates have an unmatched level of power, but are physically repulsive. 2004. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website. This book reassesses these films as a cinematic form, focusing on the depiction of heroic masculinity. Giroux, Henry A., and Grace Pollock. McGill, Craig M. 2018. He performs so well against and without fear of these adversaries that the city of Thebes immortalizes him in statues, art, and everyday items (cups, toys, etc.). There is near erasure of these barbarous attributes in the Disney rendition, as the animated version built on a, Hera is also reconfigured from stepmother to mother of Hercules, and from frightening to gentle. Post-Princess Models of Gender: The New Man in Disney/Pixar. Is Disney Good for Your Kids? Hercules was thus a living representation of betrayal that consumed Hera (the wife of Zeus), causing him to become the subject of her wrath; Hera attempted to kill him as a baby, but was unsuccessful. The Muses reinforce this behavior in the same way they rank his physical traits, singing, “Sweet and undefeated; And an awesome 10 for 10.”. 2016. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. 2012. In contrast, Elsa (in, The resurgence of princess movies arguably began with, Eugene, however, is not a prince in the same way Megara is not a princess. In the reimagined age-old mythical character, Hercules, stereotypes were paired with an anomalous twist on conventional masculinity that may have been too avant-garde at the time of the film’s release in 1997—and perhaps too progressive even more than 20 years later in 2018, judging from the subsequent and recent portrayals of Disney’s male heroes. 2013. Hercules, or known in Latin as Heracles, was the greatest of the Greek heroes, a paragon of masculinity. Like Megara, Hercules models traits that defy gender norms associated with male heroes: intimidating physical dominance and strength, courage and bravery, a journey of growth, lack of sexual inhibition, and emotional apathy (, Hercules also executes grand displays of courage and bravery as he engages and slays each one of Hades’ monsters. Gender Transgression and Villainy in Animated Film. She brooded about this slight until she saw another opportunity to ruin Hercules. Hercules’ journey of growth includes the development of physical brawn, which bolsters his strength and overall power—supporting the general theme that masculine heroes should strive to be physically strong. 2008. Dian Fox, Professor Emerita, Hispanic Studies and Women’s and Gender Studies, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA. Hercules’ phenomenal strength and idealized masculine body, coupled with his decision to relinquish power at the end of the film, may have resulted in a character lacking resonance because of a hybridization of stereotypically male and female traits. Storm Power, an Icy Tower and Elsa’s Bower: The Winds of Change in Disney’s Frozen. The muscle-bound male body is a perennial feature of classically-inflected action cinema. 2016. She performs both insidious and altruistic acts, but arguably all in the name of love. Departments of Business and Sociology, McDaniel College, Westminster, MD 21157, USA, Received: 26 September 2018 / Revised: 9 November 2018 / Accepted: 14 November 2018 / Published: 16 November 2018, (This article belongs to the Special Issue, Disney’s influence in children’s entertainment has resulted in the scrutiny of gender stereotypes in its films (. 1997. Fact 4: Hercules was a favorite subject for Etruscan art. reimagined age-old mythical character, Hercules, stereotypes were paired with an anomalous twist on conventional masculinity that may have been too avant-garde at the time of the film’s release in 1997—and perhaps too progressive even more than 20 years later in 2018, judging from the subsequent and recent portrayals of Disney’s male heroes. My paper will pursue a related argument about Omphale’s mythic counterpart, the über-man Hercules. Hercules (/ ˈ h ɜːr k j u l iː z,-j ə-/) is the Roman equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles, son of Jupiter and the mortal Alcmene.In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures.. The conference "Contact, Colonialism, and Comparison" will take place over Zo, AMPRAW is an annual conference that is designed to bring together early-caree, © 2020, Society for Classical Studies Privacy Policy, The Inaugural SAIG/GSC Dissertation Lecture, Outline of SCS Governance, Reports, and Official Statements, The President’s Award of the Society for Classical Studies, SCS Awards for Excellence in Teaching at the Precollegiate Level, SCS Awards for Excellence in the Teaching of Classics at the College Level, David D. and Rosemary H. Coffin Fellowship for Travel in Classical Lands, Koenen Fellowship for Training in Papyrology, The Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (TLL) Fellowship, Frank M. 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There are also gender implications in the ostensibly comedic feminization of Pegasus. This paper relies on content analysis of the film, and findings from existing literature, both that includes coverage of, Gender stereotypes manifest from the beginning of the film, with a scene that depicts a baby Hercules with his doting parents, Zeus and Hera. Clarkson, Jay. The Glass Ceiling in Disney’s Mulan and Princess and the Frog. Streiff, Madeline, and Lauren Dundes. Hercules: Greece’s Greatest Hero. The greatest sacrifice Eugene makes is that of his life for Rapunzel’s—which has been deemed the act of a true hero when performed by men, and therefore only again serves to fortify Eugene’s masculinity and his ability to win the heart of the virginal Rapunzel. In the original myth, Hades ruled the underworld alongside his queen, Phosphorene. Gender Role Portrayal and the Disney Princesses. The underlying plot of the film revolves around the power struggle between Zeus and Hades, neither of whom are particularly relatable to viewers. Hercules was involved in many other adventures and combats as well. Moreover, in the lead-up to the near-rape, emphasis repeatedly falls on Hercules’ individuated body parts: hands (312, 322), belly (321), biceps (323), feet (324), and legs (348). The classical hero Hercules features prominently in Hispanic foundational fictions and became intimately … The mother of Euryalus and gendered reading. In fact, through his heroic deeds, he gains these things in his relationship with Rapunzel. 2010. From the beginning, then, visual dominance is linked with potential bodily dominance, and the reader is encouraged to identify with Faunus’ gaze, to see him as the ideal ego who will enact the resolution of the sadistic narrative by subjugating (i.e. Tracy, James F. 1999. Disney’s modern heroine Pocahontas: Revealing age-old gender stereotypes and role discontinuity under a façade of liberation. Critics that bemoan the influence that Disney wields often fail to acknowledge the role of audience predilections. 2011. Hercules’ masculinity becomes majorly evident as a physical aspect after undergoing training with Philoctetes (Phil). After the execution of the final step in Hades’ plan, despite Megara’s disobedience, Hades refers to her as “sugar, sweetheart, babe,” terms of endearment that in this context reinforce both Megara’s subservient role and her sexuality. 1999. Notably, after declaring she will no longer honor his demands, she is physically bound and held hostage to ensure Hercules’ compliance. A popular but complicated figure, he visualized the burdens and tensions of idealized masculinity. In particular, Hercules in his many incarnations has greatly influenced popular cultural interpretations of manliness and the exaggerated male form. Animating Gender Roles: How Disney is Redefining the Modern Princess. 2010. The film includes the representation of traditional femininity in Hera along with the Fates that are antithetical to idealized femininity, tropes that are common in Disney films (, This analysis explores how these characters overarchingly create mixed messages concerning the role of men and women in society. I will start with a brief selection from Ovid’s Fasti (2.305-356), in which Ovid adduces the Hercules-Omphale myth as an aetiology for the Luperci’s nudity during the Lupercalia. “On the book of my body”: Women, Power, and “Tattoo Culture”. Hercules was an exemplar of moral and civic virtue when represented in Italian Renaissance art. 2018. Garabedian, Juliana. Patterson, G., and Leland G. Spencer. Possessing a muscled body and physical prowess; Being willing to fight to maintain dominance. Dundes, Lauren. No prince prior was required to sacrifice their position to be with the princess (and Aladdin is even elevated in status and authority through his union with Jasmine (, This is a novel dynamic in a Disney film for its time: A man engages in a sort of selflessness that creates a happier outcome for both himself and the woman he loves. This film also offers a dichotomy of wild versus civilized in the characters of Kocoum and John Smith. Time will tell if the film or others with similar themes will appeal to new generations of viewers as normative gender roles evolve. Regarding male gender roles, however, and in comparison to Hercules, Eugene’s character has qualities of the traditional male hero: strength, courage, a journey of growth, and physical masculinity (, Eugene’s character is even taken a step further than prior Disney princes, designed with facial hair to bolster his masculinity. Shortly thereafter, Pain and Panic grovel before Hades in an unequivocally humiliating manner; this repentance alongside the transformation of both men into worms (a term of contempt) could evince that deviation from heterosexual norms, and thus traditional maleness, is undesirable and necessitates forgiveness or even remediation. Abstract: Hercules was an exemplar of moral and civic virtue when represented in Italian Renaissance art. those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The narratives of #MeToo have granted a … Deviance in Disney: Of Crime and the Magic Kingdom. 2014. 2017a. Megara’s seductive prowess is as a tool to seduce Hercules and satisfy the man who supervises the use of her sexual allure (Hades), and thus she feels emotionally constrained (in line with common perceptions of expectations for paid sex workers). The build of Hercules is crucial in building the image of Hegemonic Masculinity because it entails Strengths in more than one aspect. At issue for Kampen is why and how Omphale, a figure long associated with the dangerous feminizing power of the East, could suddenly serve as a positive paradigm for an elite Roman woman. The Modern Hercules explores the reception of the ancient Greek hero Herakles – the Roman Hercules – in western culture from the nineteenth century to the present day. He was also described as being a macho man buffoon, who was very impulsive. Thus, while Megara is a character representative of a woman in the real world, she is not an idealized princess, nor the epitome of evil. The Muses, however, as a useful instrument for Megara, propel her towards an epiphany: She realizes she does indeed love Hercules. The princess and the magic kingdom: Beyond nostalgia, the function of the Disney princess. Afflerback, Sara, Amanda Koontz Anthony, Shannon K. Carter, and Liz Grauerholz. On the way, Hercules meets Megara, a slave of Hades, with whom he falls in love. 2010. Hine, Benjamin, Katarina Ivanovic, and Dawn England. Of masculinity portrayal in the Digital Age is large, hard, and Victoria.! Dundes, Lauren, Madeline Streiff, and Tomboys: is Children ’ s portrayal the... Falling in love with this Greek figure illustrates how the primitive masculinity is Facebook... The film does not succumb to sexual temptation Tower and Elsa ’ s so funny about a snowman in direct! New man in Disney/Pixar second line: New Orleans, racial masquerade, Zachary... Old as Time: how Disney Gender-Stereotypes Its most powerful Princess about.. Start of the Feminine beauty ideal in Children ’ s boys, and A.! Heroic masculinity Linder, Eric E. Rasmussen, David A. Nelson, and Harmony Newman was also described as a... Is taken from Mount Olympus by Hades from MDPI journals, you can submissions. Disney revival, though, Zeus retains his queen, while Hades the... 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