[380] Some suggested that his sickness could have been caused by metal oxidation from the bullets that were lodged in his body from the 1918 assassination attempt; in April 1922 he underwent a surgical operation to remove them. There, Lenin immersed himself in a host of radical literature, including the novel What Is To Be Done? [313] Polish and Russian troops first clashed in February 1919,[314] with the conflict developing into the Polish–Soviet War. Lenin was born in the Russian Empire in the year 1870 on April 22, Lenin like the ideas brought upon by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto [104] Seeking to rebuild his influence in the party, Lenin arranged for a party conference to be held in Prague in January 1912, and although 16 of the 18 attendants were Bolsheviks, he was heavily criticised for his factionalist tendencies and failed to boost his status within the party. [163] The Bolsheviks presented the Assembly with a motion that would strip it of most of its legal powers; when the Assembly rejected the motion, Sovnarkom declared this as evidence of its counter-revolutionary nature and forcibly disbanded it. Communist Leon Trotsky helped ignite the Russian Revolution of 1917, and built the Red Army afterward. "[196] November also saw an overhaul of the armed forces; Sovnarkom implemented egalitarian measures, abolished previous ranks, titles, and medals, and called on soldiers to establish committees to elect their commanders. It withdrew from the First World War by signing a treaty conceding territory to the Central Powers, and promoted world revolution through the Communist International. Vladimir Lenin~ Biography Timeline Timeline created by A-Space-Bed. [537] Ryan contends that the leftist historian Paul Le Blanc "makes a quite valid point that the personal qualities that led Lenin to brutal policies were not necessarily any stronger than in some of the major Western leaders of the twentieth century. "[513] Lenin's administration laid the framework for the system of government that ruled Russia for seven decades and provided the model for later Communist-led states that came to cover a third of the inhabited world in the mid-20th century. [39] He began a romantic relationship with Nadezhda "Nadya" Krupskaya, a Marxist schoolteacher. Lenin: A Biography by Robert Service If you need a quick fix on Lenin, his life and political career, then this is the best standard popular biography to date. His birth name was Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov. [46], Refused legal representation or bail, Lenin denied all charges against him but remained imprisoned for a year before sentencing. "[221], —Lenin on peace with the Central Powers[222], Upon taking power, Lenin believed that a key policy of his government must be to withdraw from the First World War by establishing an armistice with the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. [127] The group travelled by train from Zürich to Sassnitz, proceeding by ferry to Trelleborg, Sweden, and from there to the Haparanda–Tornio border crossing and then to Helsinki before taking the final train to Petrograd in disguise. https://www.biography.com/political-figure/vladimir-lenin. [141] Lenin then headed by train and by foot to Finland, arriving at Helsinki on 10 August, where he hid away in safe houses belonging to Bolshevik sympathisers. [436] Lenin's interpretation of socialism was centralised, planned, and statist, with both production and distribution strictly controlled. [270] Many Bolsheviks expressed disapproval of the Cheka's mass executions and feared the organisation's apparent unaccountability. [309] In some cases, such as the north-eastern European nations of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland, the Soviets recognised their independence and concluded peace treaties. [312] The newly independent Polish state and the Soviet government each sought territorial expansion in the region. / 22 de abril de 1870 greg. [390] Condemning bureaucratic attitudes, he suggested a total overhaul to deal with such problems,[391] in one letter complaining that "we are being sucked into a foul bureaucratic swamp. [77], In January 1905, the Bloody Sunday massacre of protesters in St. Petersburg sparked a spate of civil unrest in the Russian Empire known as the Revolution of 1905. [353] In March, the Kronstadt rebellion began when sailors in Kronstadt revolted against the Bolshevik government, demanding that all socialists be allowed to publish freely, that independent trade unions be given freedom of assembly and that peasants be allowed free markets and not be subject to requisitioning. [214], A faction of the Bolsheviks known as the "Left Communists" criticised Sovnarkom's economic policy as too moderate; they wanted nationalisation of all industry, agriculture, trade, finance, transport, and communication. [422] During this process, Lenin's brain was removed; in 1925 an institute was established to dissect it, revealing that Lenin had suffered from severe sclerosis. [546] All of this was contrary to Lenin's own desires, and was publicly criticised by his widow. [528] Conversely, the majority of Western historians have perceived him as a person who manipulated events in order to attain and then retain political power, moreover considering his ideas as attempts to ideologically justify his pragmatic policies. [325] Lenin saw this as a revival of the Second International, which he had despised, and formulated his own rival international socialist conference to offset its impact. With his father already dead, Lenin now became the man of the family. After a number of defeats put a strain on the country’s domestic budget, citizens from all walks of life began to vocalize their discontent over the country’s political structure and called for reform. Increasingly, he saw a party and government that had strayed far from its revolutionary goals. Share via email. [573] Marxism–Leninism was adapted to many of the 20th century's most prominent revolutionary movements, forming into variants such as Stalinism, Maoism, Juche, Ho Chi Minh Thought, and Castroism. [471] According to Service, Lenin developed an "emotional attachment" to his ideological heroes, such as Marx, Engels and Chernyshevsky; he owned portraits of them,[472] and privately described himself as being "in love" with Marx and Engels. [333] There, he encouraged foreign delegates to emulate the Bolsheviks' seizure of power and abandoned his longstanding viewpoint that capitalism was a necessary stage in societal development, instead, encouraging those nations under colonial occupation to transform their pre-capitalist societies directly into socialist ones. He left Samara in the mid-1890s for a new life in St. Petersburg, the Russian capital at the time. Lenin initially turned down the leading position of Chairman, suggesting Trotsky for the job, but other Bolsheviks insisted and ultimately Lenin relented. No doubt the peace which we are now being forced to conclude is an indecent peace, but if war commences our government will be swept away and the peace will be concluded by another government. [574], Russian politician, communist theorist, and founder of the Soviet Union (1870–1924), "Lenin" and "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" redirect here. [34] He wrote a paper on peasant economics; it was rejected by the liberal journal Russian Thought. Several non-Russian nations had secured independence from the Russian Empire after 1917, but three were re-united into the new Soviet Union in 1922. [225], Lenin proposed a three-month armistice in his Decree on Peace of November 1917, which was approved by the Second Congress of Soviets and presented to the German and Austro-Hungarian governments. "[247], Requisitioning disincentivised peasants from producing more grain than they could personally consume, and thus production slumped. [118] In July 1916, Lenin's mother died, but he was unable to attend her funeral. He was a gifted student during his education [236], On 3 March, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed. In a testament to his standing in Russian society, his corpse was embalmed and placed in a mausoleum on Moscow’s Red Square. [305] The Left Socialist-Revolutionaries then launched a coup in Moscow, shelling the Kremlin and seizing the city's central post office before being stopped by Trotsky's forces. [204] In January 1918, the government decreed the separation of church and state, and prohibited religious instruction in schools. [167], Although ultimate power officially rested with the country's government in the form of Sovnarkom and the Executive Committee (VTSIK) elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (ARCS), the Communist Party was de facto in control in Russia, as acknowledged by its members at the time. Advisers to the Tsar, Nicholas II, had viewed it as an excellent way to improve Russia's position in the Pacific and to encourage patriotic feeling at home. Lenin was a well … Vladimir Putin served as president of Russia from 2000 to 2008 and was re-elected to the presidency in 2012. [384] He convalesced at Gorki, and had largely recovered by July. Under his administration, Russia, and later the Soviet Union, became a one-party socialist state governed by the Soviet Communist Party. [279] The Russian Orthodox Church was worst affected; the government's anti-religious policies also impacted on Roman Catholic and Protestant churches, Jewish synagogues, and Islamic mosques. [275] By the end of 1920, 84 camps had been established across Soviet Russia, holding about 50,000 prisoners; by October 1923, this had grown to 315 camps and about 70,000 inmates. His work includes the 'The Sleeping Beauty' and 'The Nutcracker.'. [282] In this, he failed to anticipate the intensity of the violent opposition to Bolshevik rule in Russia. The Polish proletariat did not rise, and the Red Army was defeated at the Battle of Warsaw. [366] The conference resulted in a Russian agreement with Germany, which followed on from an earlier trade agreement with the United Kingdom. [544] Busts or statues of Lenin were erected in almost every village,[545] and his face adorned postage stamps, crockery, posters, and the front pages of Soviet newspapers Pravda and Izvestia. But the Russia he presided over was reeling from the bloody civil war he’d helped instigate. [338], Within the Communist Party, there was dissent from two factions, the Group of Democratic Centralism and the Workers' Opposition, both of which accused the Russian state of being too centralised and bureaucratic. Eventually, Lenin received his law degree, finishing his schoolwork in 1892. [237] It resulted in massive territorial losses for Russia, with 26% of the former Empire's population, 37% of its agricultural harvest area, 28% of its industry, 26% of its railway tracks, and three-quarters of its coal and iron deposits being transferred to German control. [56] In July 1900, Lenin left Russia for Western Europe; in Switzerland he met other Russian Marxists, and at a Corsier conference they agreed to launch the paper from Munich, where Lenin relocated in September. Topics Vladimir Lenin, Biography. The year of his brother’s execution, Lenin enrolled at Kazan University to study law. https://www.sunsigns.org/famousbirthdays/d/profile/vladimir-lenin info) (Roushie: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин), (22 Aprile (10t April A.S.), 1870 – 21 Januar, 1924) wis a Roushian revolutionary, the heid o the Bolshevik pairtie. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1924 and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Lenin was a well … [303], After the Brest-Litovsk Treaty, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries had abandoned the coalition and increasingly viewed the Bolsheviks as traitors to the revolution. He was granted a few days in Saint Petersburg to put his affairs in order and used this time to meet with the Social-Democrats, who had renamed themselves the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class. [22] There, he read voraciously, becoming enamoured with Nikolay Chernyshevsky's 1863 pro-revolutionary novel What Is to Be Done? After she and her family were executed, rumors claimed that she might have survived. Opponents were suppressed in the Red Terror, a violent campaign administered by the state security services; tens of thousands were killed or interned in concentration camps. [90] As the Tsarist government cracked down on opposition, both by disbanding Russia's legislative assembly, the Second Duma, and by ordering its secret police, the Okhrana, to arrest revolutionaries, Lenin fled Finland for Switzerland. [159] In the constitutional election, the Bolsheviks gained approximately a quarter of the vote, being defeated by the agrarian-focused Socialist-Revolutionaries. [150] This was the base of the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC), an armed militia largely loyal to the Bolsheviks that had been established by the Petrograd Soviet during Kornilov's alleged coup. The more significant and more tragic situation came in 1887, when Lenin’s older brother, Aleksandr, a university student at the time, was arrested and executed for being a part of a group planning to assassinate Emperor Alexander III. [263] For example, the Petrograd Cheka executed 512 people in a few days. [414], The Soviet government publicly announced Lenin's death the following day. As always, his mind stayed focus on revolutionary politics. [165] Although refusing a coalition with the Mensheviks or Socialist-Revolutionaries, Sovnarkom partially relented; they allowed the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries five posts in the cabinet in December 1917. [352] In February 1921, workers went on strike in Petrograd, resulting in the government proclaiming martial law in the city and sending in the Red Army to quell demonstrations. Lenin… He was the first leader of the USSR and the government that took over … We strive for accuracy and fairness. [418] Notably, Trotsky was absent; he had been convalescing in the Caucasus, and he later claimed that Stalin sent him a telegram with the incorrect date of the planned funeral, making it impossible for him to arrive in time. Vladimir Lenin was born in the city of Simbirsk in the Russian Empire on April 22, 1870. From the Mensheviks’ point of view, however, Lenin’s ideas really paved the way for a one-man dictatorship over the people he claimed he wanted to empower. The 1905 Revolution had its roots in the Russo-Japanese War, which had begun in February of 1904. [450] He opposed liberalism, exhibiting a general antipathy toward liberty as a value,[451] and believing that liberalism's freedoms were fraudulent because it did not free labourers from capitalist exploitation. [546] In particular, his Jewish ancestry was suppressed until the 1980s,[556] perhaps out of Soviet antisemitism,[557] and so as not to undermine Stalin's Russification efforts,[558] and perhaps so as not to provide fuel for anti-Soviet sentiment among international antisemites. [209] The factory committees were subordinate to the trade unions, which were subordinate to VSNKh; the state's centralised economic plan was prioritised over the workers' local economic interests. Five years after that, he was promoted to Director of Public Schools for the province, overseeing the foundation of over 450 schools as a part of the government's plans for modernisation. We do not pretend that Marx or Marxists know the road to socialism in all its concreteness. [508], Ethnically, Lenin identified as Russian. [20] There, he joined a zemlyachestvo, a form of university society that represented the men of a particular region. Even in such a state he was capable of, University and political radicalisation: 1887–1893, Early activism and imprisonment: 1893–1900, Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath: 1905–1914, February Revolution and the July Days: 1917, Organising the Soviet government: 1917–1918, Social, legal, and economic reform: 1917–1918, Anti-Kulak campaigns, Cheka, and Red Terror: 1918–1922, Civil War and the Polish–Soviet War: 1918–1920, Comintern and world revolution: 1919–1920, Famine and the New Economic Policy: 1920–1922, Declining health and conflict with Stalin: 1920–1923. "[567] In Ukraine, during and after the 2013–14 Euromaidan protests, thousands of Lenin statues were damaged or destroyed by protesters who viewed them as a symbol of Russian imperialism,[568] and in April 2015 the Ukrainian government ordered that all others be dismantled to comply with decommunisation laws. [446] Leninism adopted a more absolutist and doctrinaire perspective than other variants of Marxism,[429] and distinguished itself by the emotional intensity of its liberationist vision. He deemed the unions to be superfluous in a "workers' state", but Lenin disagreed, believing it best to retain them; most Bolsheviks embraced Lenin's view in the 'trade union discussion'. Instead, he argued, a real and complete revolution, one that could lead to the Socialist Revolution that could spread outside of Russia, must be led by the workers, the country’s proletariat. [75] The Bolshevik faction grew in strength; by the spring, the whole RSDLP Central Committee was Bolshevik,[76] and in December they founded the newspaper Vpered (Forward). After his brother was executed in 1887 (for plotting to kill the Czar), Lenin gave up studying law and became a full-time revolutionary. His time there was cut short, however, when, during his first term, he was expelled for taking part in a student demonstration. The [First World] war is being waged for the division of colonies and the robbery of foreign territory; thieves have fallen out–and to refer to the defeats at a given moment of one of the thieves in order to identify the interests of all thieves with the interests of the nation or the fatherland is an unconscionable bourgeois lie. [115] Lenin was angry that the German Social-Democratic Party was supporting the German war effort, which was a direct contravention of the Second International's Stuttgart resolution that socialist parties would oppose the conflict, and saw the Second International as defunct. [228] Meanwhile, a ceasefire until January was agreed. He was born during the year 1870 in a very well off family and there was nothing that he wanted. [492] Concerned with physical fitness, he exercised regularly,[493] enjoyed cycling, swimming, and hunting,[494] and also developed a passion for mountain walking in the Swiss peaks. [233] On 18 February, the German Army launched Operation Faustschlag, advancing further into Russian-controlled territory and conquering Dvinsk within a day. [319], After the Armistice on the Western Front, Lenin believed that the breakout of the European revolution was imminent. Vladimir Lenin is most famous for the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, which led to the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. [327] It lacked global coverage; of the 34 assembled delegates, 30 resided within the countries of the former Russian Empire, and most of the international delegates were not recognised by any socialist parties in their own nations. But the kind of country he hoped to lead never came to fruition. After one year, his older brother, Sacha teamed up with a revolutionary group. His recovery only reinforced his larger-than-life presence among his countrymen, though his health was never truly the same. [202] Under Lenin, Russia became the first country to legalize abortion on demand in the first trimester. [250] Both the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Left Socialist-Revolutionaries condemned the armed appropriations of grain at the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets in July 1918. The Constituent Assembly was declared dissolved by the Bolshevik-Left SR Soviet government, rendering the end the term served. info) (22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924) was a Russian lawyer, revolutionary, the leader of the Bolshevik party and of the October Revolution. ; Simbirsk, 22 aprile 1870, [10 aprile del calendario giuliano] – Gorki, 21 gennaio 1924), è stato un rivoluzionario, politico e politologo russo, poi sovietico, talvolta menzionato come Vladimir Lenin o come Nikolaj Lenin. Vladimir Lenin Lenin was born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov on April 22, 1870, to an upper-middle class family in the Russian town of Simbirsk, on the Volga River. Lenin was born into a middle class family in April 1870. [337] Lenin's predicted world revolution did not materialise, as the Hungarian communist government was overthrown and the German Marxist uprisings suppressed. [302] Whether Lenin sanctioned it or not, he still regarded it as necessary, highlighting the precedent set by the execution of Louis XVI in the French Revolution. [5] According to historian Petrovsky-Shtern, it is likely that Lenin was unaware of his mother's half-Jewish ancestry, which was only discovered by his sister Anna after his death. His administration defeated right and left-wing anti-Bolshevik armies in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 and oversaw the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1921. By Tim Lambert. [71] Lenin's supporters were in the majority, and he termed them the "majoritarians" (bol'sheviki in Russian; Bolsheviks); in response, Martov termed his followers the "minoritarians" (men'sheviki in Russian; Mensheviks). Vladimir Lenin - Early Life TV-14 3:11 At an early age, Vladimir Lenin was exposed to the ideas and actions that would form his communist thinking. [564] Yeltsin did not dismantle the Lenin mausoleum, recognising that Lenin was too popular and well respected among the Russian populace for this to be viable. In 1921, Lenin now faced the same kind of peasant uprising he’d ridden to power. His mother was a schoolteacher and his father was an education official. Here, he predicted that Russia's liberal bourgeoisie would be sated by a transition to constitutional monarchy and thus betray the revolution; instead he argued that the proletariat would have to build an alliance with the peasantry to overthrow the Tsarist regime and establish the "provisional revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry. The police arrested Lenin and accused him of being a ringleader in the demonstration; he was expelled from the university, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs exiled him to his family's Kokushkino estate. [500] According to Fischer, Lenin's "vanity was minimal",[501] and for this reason he disliked the cult of personality that the Soviet administration began to build around him; he nevertheless accepted that it might have some benefits in unifying the communist movement. Born in Simbirsk, Russian Empire (now Ulyanovsk), Lenin was the son of Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov and Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova. Following Russia's failed Revolution of 1905, he campaigned for the First World War to be transformed into a Europe-wide proletarian revolution, which as a Marxist he believed would cause the overthrow of capitalism and its replacement with socialism. [110], —Lenin on his interpretation of the First World War[111], Lenin was in Galicia when the First World War broke out. Lenin Biography Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known as Lenin (April 22, 1870 – January 21, 1924) was a Russian revolutionary and the leader of the Bolshevik party. [4] Well educated, she was the daughter of a wealthy German–Swedish Lutheran mother, and according to some sources a Russian Jewish father who had converted to Christianity and worked as a physician. [278] In May 1922, Lenin issued a decree calling for the execution of anti-Bolshevik priests, causing between 14,000 and 20,000 deaths. [148] Critics of the plan, Zinoviev and Kamenev, argued that Russian workers would not support a violent coup against the regime and that there was no clear evidence for Lenin's assertion that all of Europe was on the verge of proletarian revolution. [340] They were angered by Trotsky's suggestion that the trade unions be eliminated. She was initially posted to Ufa, but persuaded the authorities to move her to Shushenskoye, claiming that she and Lenin were engaged; they married in a church on 10 July 1898. [290] In 1918, the United Kingdom, France, United States, Canada, Italy, and Serbia landed 10,000 troops in Murmansk, seizing Kandalaksha, while later that year British, American, and Japanese forces landed in Vladivostok. As he grew up, Lenin was seen as an intelligent little boy. Considering the government to be just as imperialist as the Tsarist regime, he advocated immediate peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary, rule by soviets, the nationalisation of industry and banks, and the state expropriation of land, all with the intention of establishing a proletariat government and pushing toward a socialist society. [18] Despite the emotional trauma of his father's and brother's deaths, Lenin continued studying, graduated from school at the top of his class with a gold medal for exceptional performance, and decided to study law at Kazan University. To striking workers middle-class family in April 1870 in a relationship with Krupskaya, a schism between. 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