The RMSE computed for the coastline of Sta Cruz is 1.13 meters and it shows minimal differences between the field data and Google Earth data. We have 74801 resumes in our database Showing all resumes. (a) Storm surge vulnerability map of Sta Cruz, Zambales; (b) Storm surge vulnerability map of Candelaria, Zambales; (c) Storm surge vulnerability map of Masinloc, Zambales; (d) Storm surge vulnerability map of Palauig, Zambales. One of the main activities of the municipality of Masinloc is to preserve the Marine Protected Areas (MPA) such as fish sanctuaries and mangrove ecosystems. Satellite images were also generated and overlayed with the hazards to better assess the vulnerability of area through satellite images processing and specifically identify areas that were affected by these particular hazards. The researchers interviewed the department or unit heads of Agriculture Office, Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office, and Coastal Resource Management/Environment and Natural Resources Office from the Municipalities of Sta, Cruz, Candelaria, Palauig, and Masinloc for the key informant interview. Seedlings are donated by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) such as agoho, mango, and mahogany seedlings. Sediment trapping in the selected coastal ecosystems was done using an improvised sediment trap equipment. On the other hand, actual field data validation disclosed that there is only 3.56 meters average build up of soil in the area. According to the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) climate change is attributed directly and indirectly to human activities that alter the composition of the global atmosphere. In the municipality of Sta. The Masinloc and Oyon Bays Marine Reserve (MOBMR) is one of the first National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) sites declared by President Fidel Ramos through PP 231 on August 19, 1993. During the focus group discussion the respondents were asked to identify the sectors vulnerable to climate change impacts in order to determine the presence of climate change adaptation strategies implemented in the area to identify the applicable and best approaches to cope up with climate change (e.g. 1.2 Importance of agricultural meteorology [Contributions from Wolfgang Baier, Helmuth Dommermuth, R.P. Adaptation strategies for climate change play a crucial role in every society, particularly in coastal areas, where the impacts of climate change (sea-level rise, temperature rise, heavy rainfall, coastal erosion, sedimentation, powerful typhoons, storm surge), and other climate change effects were high. Moreover, Barangays Libertador and Uacon began using energy-efficient equipment to lessen the contribution of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Barangays Libertador and Uacon in Candelaria bought diesel-powered generators in case of emergency and absence of power supply. These will be put into a cooler with ice to maintain the temperature of 40˚C while being transported to the laboratory. In the Philippines, climate change adaptation makes a significant contribution to gross domestic product and provides coastal communities with livelihood possibilities. The lowest sediment load was recorded in Sta. One scoop of sediment was dug in every quadrat during the survey totaling to ten scoops per station. The Bantay Dagat in their respective areas are the ones monitoring the mangrove ecosystems. Managing Risks, Maximizing Opportunities Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are often affected by weather extremes and climate change, including the increased severity of cyclones, storm surges, heavy rains, droughts, sea-level rise and ocean acidification. shared a post on Instagram: “#anchorchart for teaching students how to write a paragraph. This was done three times per station at varying depths within the coastal area. In situ analysis of physical parameters was done in the four (4) selected coastal ecosystems of Zambales such as water temperature, air temperature and pH level. Community-Based Climate Change Adaptation Strategies, Table 6 shows the community-based climate change adaptation strategies in the four coastal municipalities in Zambales such as Sta. Results revealed that Barangays San Salvador (0.50), San Lorenzo (0.46) and Taltal (0.49) were found to be low vulnerable to flooding while the rest of the barangays have moderate vulnerability to flooding. Concerning this, each barangay in Palauig developed their rescue team to serve as rescue staff before, during, and after calamities. It directly affects disaster preparation, response, and recovery. Through these projects prevention of the effects of climate change such as heavy rains that can cause flooding on low-lying regions could be possible. Cruz, Zambales, the water moved landward and caused the shortening of coastline. The results of storm surge disaster risk assessment in Candelaria revealed that all the coastal barangays such as Barangays Binabalian (97.3%), Dampay (82.6%), Lauis (1.7%), Libertador (100%), Malabon (50.6%), Malimanga (48.3%), Panayunan (100%), Sinabacan (72.9%) and Uacon (40%) are moderately affected by storm surge while the rest of the barangays are not affected and have low risks only. Tomas and San Juan engaged the Sangguniang Kabataan (SK) in conducting tree planting activities that encourage adolescents to plant trees such as mahogany and pine trees along their respective barangays. The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) has strictly enforced restrictions and limitations on fishing operations in the coastal waters of Zambales. Most of the twelve (12) barangays used multi-cabs (vehicles) while others like Barangay Liozon, Lipay, and Libaba used tricycles while Barangay Santo Tomas and Lipay have “kolong-kolong” and Barangay Magalawa (Island) has a motorboat owing to their proximity to the ocean. Storm surge vulnerability map of Palauig, Zambales can be seen in Figure 9(d). Barangays which could experience moderate flooding are Babuyan, Bangcol, Biay, Bolitoc, Bulawon, Canynayn, Gama, Guinabon, Guisguis, Lipay, Lomboy, Lucapon North, Lucapon South, Malabago, Pagatpat, Poblacion, San Fernando, Tabalong, Tubo-tubo North, Naulo, Sabang and Tubo-tubo South. One of the vital needs of every community when there is a catastrophe is a rescue team from the barangay and local government unit. In measuring the salinity, a drop of water sample was taken in the sampling site and placed into the glass mount of the refracto-salinometer or any available instrument. Figure 7(d) shows the flood vulnerability map of Palauig, Zambales. Cruz, Zambales. Information sources include municipal and provincial development plans, socio-demographic data from the municipal, agricultural office, fisher folk registration and other relevant information from various institutional stakeholders in the four coastal municipalities. When the readings appeared on the pH meter screen, and it was stabilized, this reading was recorded as the pH measurement. Figure 14. Paragraph 180 calls for "the convening in 2014 of a third international conference on small island developing States, recognizing the importance of coordinated, balanced and integrated actions to address the sustainable development challenges facing small island developing States". Results showed that an average of −0.60 meters of sea level rise happened in the 1100 meters shoreline traced particularly in Barangay Bani, Masinloc, Zambales while based on the map in 2019, there was an incident of sedimentation or build up of soil in the coastline, with an average of 4.51 meters. Three major disasters that have devastating climate change impacts were assessed in this study namely flood, landslide, and storm surge using remote sensing and GIS technologies. Sediment trapping in the four coastal ecosystems was done using an improvised sediment trap equipment. Over the previous few years, the Local Government Unit (LGU) requires young couples who intend to get married to plant a few tree seedlings before they receive a No Marriage Certificate (CENOMAR). Additionally, the presence of rich population of seagrass in many coastal barangays of Masinloc is an indication that Masinloc practiced very good conservation strategies due to the awareness of local communities on how seagrass act as the breeding ground for many varieties of fish. Ecosystem-Based Climate Change Adaptation Strategies. (a) Flood disaster risk map of Sta Cruz, Zambales; (b) Flood disaster risk map of Candelaria, Zambales; (c) Flood disaster risk map of Masinloc, Zambales; (d) Flood disaster risk map of Paluig, Zambales. Climate change is already happening and affecting many places causing huge problems to coastal ecosystems. These three barangays are also found to have low vulnerability to storm surge (Figure 12(c)). Cruz are still applying the Solid Waste Management Act, and they are segregating their waste. However, Masinloc also has disaster preparedness program and plan for this kind of hazard. The study of nature is a large, if not the only, part of science.Although humans are part of nature, human activity is often understood as a separate category from other natural phenomena. Coastline changes in Palauig, Zambales. There is also a local ordinance that young couples who intend to get married are needed to plant at least two fruit-bearing seedlings in their fields. The JPOI identifies SIDS as a special case both for environment and development. The pH and salinity were analyzed in-situ. EbA often protects communities from the impacts of climate change through win-win results while at the same time offering a range of ecological advantages that are essential to human well-being, such as safe water and food (United Nations Environment Programme). Hazardous events can result in a detrimental impact on individual and/or their asset (Du et al., 2015). The current position of the shoreline in the four coastal municipalities of Zambales was determined using Global Positioning System (GPS). Early action can often stop danger from turning into a human catastrophe by stopping loss of lives and decreasing economic and physical effects. However, flooding in the area usually subside after the period of heavy rains. This was submerged immediately below the water surface for 5 minutes. The dipper method from CRL protocol was used to collect the sediment sample. The SIDS Partnership Framework also encourages national and regional partnership dialogues to be organized through existing forums and meetings. Ms. Fekitamoeloa Katoa ‘Utoikamanu, High Representative and Under-…, Remarks by Mr. Elliott Harris, Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development and Chief Economist and, Statement by H.E. (a) Landslide vulnerability map of Sta Cruz, Zambales; (b) Landslide vulnerability map of Candelaria, Zambales; (c) Landslide vulnerability map of Masinloc, Zambales; (d) Landslide vulnerability map of Palauig, Zambales. Sto. Published Special Issues, ● Niño (38.3%), Sto. Third, drills check whether emergency equipment are functioning effectively. Cruz strictly implement smoke-belching and garbage burning under the 1999 Clean Air Act. Cruz are the most affected areas in the municipality in terms of landslide disaster risk. Moreover, the municipalities must exert efforts to improve their disaster preparedness plan to specifically identify the areas that are prone to different hazards and to have vulnerability and disaster risk maps for disaster vigilance and alertness for the safety and welfare of the local communities. In Palauig, promoting organic and backyard farming is a requirement for most of the barangays. According to Paz-Alberto., et al., 2016, these findings revealed that Google Earth historical high resolution imageries provide positional accuracies which can be used for small scale data sets and can be used for investigation and preliminary studies with high accuracy and low cost. Local announcement coming from the Local Government Unit of Masinloc to evacuate serves as the local warning system before, during, and after a disaster/s were practiced. It can be seen that majority of the barangays in Palauig, Zambales are affected by storm surge except for Barangays Pangolinan, Bulawen and Salaza for these barangays are situated in mountainous part of the municipality (Figure 12(d)). Temperature was gathered using a portable laboratory mercury thermometer or other available instrument. These are Barangays Babancal (0.51), Lauis (0.55), Malimanga (0.57), Pamibian (0.54), Sinabacan (0.56), Taposo (0.59), Uacon (0.57) and Yamot (0.54) while the rest of the barangays in the municipality had low vulnerability to landslide. In response to tackle the detrimental effects of climate change, the four municipalities have conducted community-based climate change adaptation strategies and implemented some measures in order to improve the resiliency of their local communities such as provision of early warning systems, formation of rescue teams, presence of rescue vehicles and equipment, practice of disaster drill, development of drainage system projects and establishment of alternative livelihood. Climate Forecasting for Small Island Nations. According to US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) the environmental limits for ammonia in surface water range from 0.25 to 32.5 mg/l (ppm). The forecast of the weather events helps for suitable planning of farm. The municipality has almost the same landscape with the municipality of Sta. Coastal resource degradation becomes more complex due to climate change impacts and occurrence of natural hazards. Cruz, Candelaria, Masinloc and Palauig. It is held annually every third Saturday of September, individuals around the globe gather on beaches, coasts, rivers, waterways, and underwater dive sites to remove trash and record data on the accumulated debris. However, owing to an absence of budget and fund, other barangays were unable to implement this strategy; nevertheless, they still encourage these operations to reduce the effects and impacts of climate change. As part of the requirement on getting married, the municipalilty of Masinloc requires every couple to plant the seedlings as part of their undying love for each other. All the non-coastal barangays were found to be low vulnerable to storm surge. Climate change adaptation refers to “adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities” (IPCC, 2001). However, the municipality has the ability to adapt to flooding due to the presence of updated maps of flood prone areas and coastal habitats that are at risk. Barangays like San Vicente, San Juan, Libaba, Sto. Weather forecasting is the prediction of what the atmosphere will be like in a particular place by using technology and scientific knowledge to make weather observations. The shoreline drawn in the 1:50,000 NAMRIA topographic map was referenced to mean sea level (MSL), which was located between the high and low-tide waterlines. The categories and scale range used for sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity was developed by Paz-Alberto et al., (2018) and was utilized by the study. There are 10 coastal barangays in Sta. Coastal barangays in Palauig and Masinloc encouraged every citizen to participate in planting mangrove trees that are thought by local inhabitants to help lessen the effects of storm surges and enormous waves from typhoons and storms. Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the Coastal Ecosystems. That is, to predict and deter accidents, mitigate their effect on vulnerable communities, and react to and efficiently deal with their implications. Twelve hazard maps, 12 vulnerability maps and 12 disaster risk maps were generated for the three major disasters (flood, landslide, storm surge) in the four coastal municipalities. The preparation of the sediment samples was done in the CRL Laboratory, Clarkfield, Pampanga to test and analyze the presence of lead, chromium, cadmium and copper and toxic chemicals/heavy metals as well as nutrient elements that may be present in the sediments. solar powered appliances and seagrass monitoring which is not being done in Candelaria. In response to the need to tackle the detrimental effects of climate change, the Philippines has conducted several projects and implemented some measures in order to improve the resilience of the country. This technology is very useful for disaster risk management. Cruz has compelled the barangay units to use improvised warning systems. 4.5. Growing their fruits and vegetables in their backyard could also save cash and boost physical activity. Majority of the coastal barangays in Masinloc encourage and promote organic and backyard farming to their fellow community members as their source of food in preparation during calamities. S Sta. Cruz. A stainless steel dipper was used to collect the sample by pushing it firmly downward into the sediment and then quickly lifting it upward to reduce the amount of fine grained sediment lost to the water current. helps in following farm operation. 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