[7] Meanwhile, the post-war period saw a growing campaign for full independence; a notable proponent of this was the author Aimé Césaire, who founded the Progressive Party of Martinique in the 1950s. In the centre the rivers flow outward from the Carbet Mountains in a starlike pattern; they include the Lorrain, Galion, Capot, and Lézarde rivers. As elevation increases the trees grow smaller. Les Trois-ilets, Martinique. [45] In the 1980s Martinican authors such as Patrick Chamoiseau, Jean Bernabé and Raphaël Confiant attempted to challenge this via the promotion of Creole in a cultural movement known as Créolité. [7], In 1636, in the first of many skirmishes, the indigenous Caribs rose against the settlers to drive them off the island. [35] The bulk of meat, vegetable and grain requirements must be imported. Édouard Glissant was later influenced by Césaire and Ménil, and in turn had an influence on Patrick Chamoiseau, who founded the Créolité movement with Raphaël Confiant and Jean Bernabé. The official language is French, which is spoken by virtually the entire population. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The northeast trade winds, which blow almost 300 days per year, temper the heat, but winds from the south are hot and humid and sometimes bring hurricanes. It is included in the Lesser Antilles island chain. [25][26] President Nicolas Sarkozy later visited the island, promising reform. Because it is easier to travel to, and due to the many beaches and food facilities throughout this region, the south receives the bulk of the tourist traffic. The main port is Fort-de-France. Before the total destruction of Saint-Pierre by a volcanic eruption in 1902, it was the most important city of Martinique culturally and economically, being known as "the Paris of the Caribbean". Martinique (/ˌmɑːrtɪˈniːk/ MAR-tin-EEK, French: [maʁtinik] (listen); Martinican Creole: Matinik or Matnik;[4] Kalinago: Madinina or Madiana) is an island and an Overseas department/region and single territorial collectivity of France, and therefore an integral part of the French Republic,[5] located in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies in the eastern Caribbean Sea, with a land area of 1,128 square kilometres (436 sq mi) and a population of 376,480 inhabitants as of January 2016. A transitional zone is characterized by peat moss. La Suite Villa overlooks Trois-Ilets Bay. Permanent Secretary, Academy of Overseas Sciences, Paris. Martinique is about 50 miles (80 km) long and reaches a maximum width of 22 miles (35 km). Martinique maintains regular air and sea links with France and North America. In the north the Grande, Céron, Roxelane, Pères, and Sèche rivers are little more than irregular torrents. With a culture as diverse as its terrain, Martinique boasts an array of sophisticated Caribbean experiences – from delectable French-Creole cuisine, to hikes atop a smoldering volcano. Studying in the métropole (mainland France, especially Paris) is common for young adults. Forests cover about one-fourth of the total land area. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. [7] German U-boats used Martinique for refuelling and re-supply during the Battle of the Caribbean. Yva Léro was a writer and painter who co-founded the Women's Union of Martinique. There is an international airport at Lamentin, to the east of Fort-de-France. After several deaths, the revolt was crushed by French militia. Frantz Fanon, a prominent critic of colonialism and racism, was also from Martinique. "Gauguin and Martinique," Karen Kristine Reichnitzer Pope, 1981. Lucia. When Columbus arrived, the Caribs had massacred many of their adversaries, sparing the women, whom they kept for their personal or domestic use. Tante Arlette. Slave rebellions in 1789, 1815 and 1822, plus the campaigns of abolitionists such as Cyrille Bissette and Victor Schœlcher, persuaded the French government to end slavery in the French West Indies in 1848. Chlordecone, a pesticide used in the cultivation of bananas before a ban in 1993, has been found to have contaminated farming ground, rivers and fish, and affected the health of islanders. However a coat of arms adaptation of the civil ensign (also called snake flag) is used in an unofficial but formal context such as by the Gendarmerie. One of the Windward Islands, it is directly north of Saint Lucia, northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica. [citation needed] In 1942, 182 ships were sunk in the Caribbean, dropping to 45 in 1943, and five in 1944. [33]. Latitude/Longitude. Would probably stay in the Presqu'ille de la Caravelle Nature reserve at Tartane or further into the reserve next time. Marie-Magdeleine Carbet wrote with her partner under the pseudonym Carbet. Every so often, a debate gets going on the Summitpost forums about what is the world's most dangerous mountain. This is a mountain that has reached out and snuffed out more than 30,000 people right on it… Today, Martinique has a higher standard of living than most other Caribbean countries. [21] The eruption of 8 May 1902, destroyed Saint-Pierre and killed 28,000 people in 2 minutes; that of 30 August 1902 caused nearly 1,100 deaths, mostly in Morne-Red and Ajoupa-Bouillon. SAINT-PIERRE, 12 miles northwest of Fort-de-France, Martinique, was the first city the French founded in the area, in 1635. 100 years … Although edicts from King Louis XIV's court regularly came to the islands to suppress the Protestant "heretics", these were mostly ignored by island authorities until Louis XIV's Edict of Revocation in 1685. D'Esnambuc claimed Martinique for the French king Louis XIII and the French "Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique" (Company of the American Islands), and established the first European settlement at Fort Saint-Pierre (now St. The 1902 explosion of Mount Pelée totally destroyed the major town of Saint Pierre resulting in the capital being relocated to Fort-de-France. [7] Most visitors come from mainland France, Canada and the USA. The Caribbean, or "leeward" coast of Martinique is much more favourable to sea traffic. Saint-Pierre is a town and commune of France's Caribbean overseas department of Martinique, founded in 1635 by Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc. This is a list of the 15 biggest cities in Martinique. [47] Though Creole is normally not used in professional situations, members of the media and politicians have begun to use it more frequently as a way to redeem national identity and prevent cultural assimilation by mainland France. It takes up the central zone of the island. The city of Saint-Pierre (destroyed by a volcanic eruption of Mount Pelée), was often referred to as the "Paris of the Lesser Antilles". It is also an outermost region of the European Union. Its nearest neighbours are the island republics of Dominica, 22 miles (35 km) to the northwest, and Saint Lucia, 16 miles (26 km) to the south. Many of them were encouraged by the Catholics, who looked forward to their departure and the opportunities for seizing their property. "Aimé Césaire", in Donald E. Herdeck (ed. [24] Hurricanes in 1979-80 severely affected agricultural output, further straining the economy. What are the islands of the Maldives made of? The Atlantic, or "windward" coast of Martinique is difficult for navigation by ships. One of its most famous dishes is the Colombo (compare kuzhambu (Tamil: குழம்பு) for gravy or broth), a unique curry of chicken (curry chicken), meat or fish with vegetables, spiced with a distinctive masala of Tamil origins, sparked with tamarind, and often containing wine, coconut milk, cassava and rum. Featuring free WiFi and a solarium … Aloes Vacances, route de la pointe des châteaux la coulée 97118 St François, Grande-Terre. [7] Banana exports are increasing, going mostly to mainland France. See 649 traveler reviews, 386 candid photos, and great deals for Hotel La Bateliere, ranked #1 of 1 hotel in Martinique … Fort-de-France. It serves flights to and from Europe, the Caribbean, Venezuela, the United States, and Canada. [citation needed] In addition to the island population, the island hosts a mainland French community, most of which live on the island on a temporary basis (generally from 3 to 5 years). It includes four communes and sixteen cantons. Martinique sends four deputies to the French National Assembly and two senators to the French Senate. Le Lamentin , Martinique. Initially focusing on cost-of-living issues, the movement soon took on a racial dimension as strikers challenged the continued economic dominance of the Béké, descendants of French European settlers. Many were killed, and those who survived were taken captive and expelled from the island. The name Martinique is probably a corruption of the Indian name Madiana (“Island of Flowers”) or Madinina (“Fertile Island with Luxuriant Vegetation”), as reputedly told to Christopher Columbus by the Caribs in 1502. Fort-de-France is the capital city of Martinique, and it offers a lot to … [citation needed] Free French forces took over on the island on Bastille Day, 14 July 1943. [7] There are much smaller communities of other faiths such as Islam, Hinduism and Baháʼísm. The highest point is the volcano of Mount Pelée at 1,397 metres (4,583 ft) above sea level. Brimming with beautiful tropical flora and many colorful … Everything changed when the majestic Mount Pelée erupted in 1902, destroying Saint-Pierre and killing thirty thousand people. In addition to waters off of the leeward coast being shielded from the harsh Atlantic trade winds by the island, the sea bed itself descends steeply from the shore. Les Gîtes de la Grande Source, Rue du Souffleur - 97127 La Désirade. Sort out the facts about islands across the globe. Demography. Also called ‘red, green and black’, this flag is used by the independence movement. [7] Roughly 16% of the total businesses on the island (some 6,000 companies) provide tourist-related services.[36]. The administrative capital and chief town is Fort-de-France. Pierre. Anole lizards and fer-de-lance snakes are native to the island. [7], Because there were few Catholic priests in the French Antilles, many of the earliest French settlers were Huguenots who sought religious freedom. [7] In 1654, Dutch Jews expelled from Portuguese Brazil introduced sugar plantations worked by large numbers of enslaved Africans. Piton Boucher (right) in the Carbet Mountains, Martinique. ; Martinique ranks number 179 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population. This ensures that most potential hazards are too deep underwater to be an issue, and it also prevents the growth of corals that could otherwise pose a threat to passing ships. The inhabitants of Martinique are French citizens with full political and legal rights. In the south the Salée and Pilote rivers flow down from the slopes of Mount Vauclin. Gros-Morne, Martinique. Travelers favorites include #1 Anse Cafard Slave Memorial, #2 Schoelcher Library and more. Mount Pelée, the island's most dramatic feature, formed about 400,000 years ago. Aimé Césaire is perhaps Martinique's most famous writer; he was one of the main figures in the Négritude literary movement. [21] Shortly thereafter the capital shifted to Fort-de-France, where it remains today. Après la perte de notre "Soldat Kiltirel" comme l'a surnommé Dédé Saint-Prix, les membres du groupe et de l'association ont décidé, en sa mémoire et pour la pérénnité du travail qu'il a accompli depuis 25 ans, de continuer l'aventure MATJILPA. Tensions boiled over in December 1959 when riots broke out following a racially-charged altercation between two motorists, resulting in three deaths. [36], Tourism has become more important than agricultural exports as a source of foreign exchange. But if you're measuring by how many people have actually been killed on that mountain, Pelée is the hands-down winner of this contest. [9], On 15 September 1635, Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, French governor of the island of St. Kitts, landed in the harbour of St. Pierre with 80-150 French settlers after being driven off St. Kitts by the English. Following traditional French custom, many businesses close at midday to allow a lengthy lunch, then reopen later in the afternoon. It was the scene of one of the most horrendous volcanic calamities of all time in 1902. - JPN01Y from Alamy's library of millions of high resolution stock photos, illustrations and vectors. Virtually the entire population speaks both French (the sole official language) and Martinican Creole. The oldest rocks are andesitic lavas dated to about 24 million years ago, mixed with tholeiitic magma containing iron and magnesium. Some Caribs fled to Dominica or St. Vincent, where the French agreed to leave them at peace. Located in Trois-Ilets, La Suite Villa is a trendy boutique hotel composed of 9 private villas with 2 or 3 bedrooms each and 6 suites in the main house. One of the Windward Islands, it is directly north of Saint Lucia, northwest of Barbados and south of Dominica. Grab a copy of our NEW encyclopedia for Kids! Although it's not brimming with tourist attractions itself, bustling … [18][19][7][16] As a result, some plantation owners imported workers from India and China. Part of the archipelago of the Antilles, Martinique is located in the Caribbean Sea about 450 km (280 mi) northeast of the coast of South America and about 700 km (435 mi) southeast of the Dominican Republic. Updates? Martinique was attacked or occupied several times by the British, including in 1693, 1759, 1762 and 1779. There are two large bays—Fort-de-France and Marin—on the western coast. The four arrondissements of the island, with their respective locations, are as follows: As a part of the French Republic, the French tricolour is in use and La Marseillaise is sung at national French events. Hotel in Grandʼ Rivière. [7] Columbus landed on 15 June 1502, after a 21-day trade wind passage, his fastest ocean voyage. In 2013 the population was 161,021. Fort-de-France is the sole prefecture of Martinique. Sisters Jeanne Nardal and Paulette Nardal were involved in the creation of the Négritude movement. The climate is remarkably constant, the average temperature being about 79 °F (26 °C), with average minimums of 68–72 °F (20–22 °C), average maximums of 86–90 °F (30–32 °C), and temperature extremes of 59 °F (15 °C) and 93 °F (34 °C). Speaking Creole in public schools was forbidden until 1982, which is thought to have discouraged parents from using Creole in the home. Fort-de-France is the major harbour. [citation needed] Indeed, unlike other varieties of French creole such as Mauritian Creole, Martinican Creole is not readily understood by speakers of Standard French due to significant differences in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation, though over the years it has progressively adopted features of Standard French. View Full Profile (eds). [7], All goods entering Martinique are charged a variable "sea toll" which may reach 30% of the value of the cargo and provides 40% of the island's total revenue. (596 is dialled twice when calling a Martinique landline from another country. In addition, most residents can also speak Martiniquan Creole, a form of Antillean Creole closely related to the varieties spoken in neighboring English-speaking islands of Saint Lucia and Dominica. Together with French Guiana, Martinique is one of the Special Collectivity [28] (Unique in French) of the French Republic. The north of the island is especially mountainous. Martinique has been a vacation hotspot for many years, attracting both upper-class French and more budget-conscious travelers. Each villa features a private bathroom for each bedroom, a kitchenette overlooking the terrace and a living area. Population. [23] Tensions rose again in 1974, when gendarmes shot dead two striking banana workers. [citation needed]. The south is drier and dominated by savanna-like brush, including cacti, Copaiba balsam, logwood and acacia. Le Lorrain, Martinique. ; Martinique population is equivalent to 0% of the total world population. [7] D'Esnambuc died in 1636, leaving the company and Martinique in the hands of his nephew, Jacques Dyel du Parquet, who in 1637 became governor of the island. By 1688, nearly all of Martinique's French Protestant population had escaped to the British American colonies or Protestant countries in Europe. Guadeloupe, another part of overseas France, lies about 75 miles (120 km) to the north. 15 minutes walk to another nice beach, Cap Marin. [32] There's also notable influence of the pan-Caribbean calypso tradition and Haitian kompa. Coral reefs, headlands, and coves line the eastern coast. These are an active volcano, Mount Pelée, which rises to 4,583 feet (1,397 metres), to the north; the Carbet Mountains, of which Lacroix Peak reaches 3,923 feet (1,195 metres), in the centre; and Mount Vauclin, rising to 1,654 feet (504 metres), in the south. [2] There are an estimated 260,000 people of Martinican origin living in mainland France, most of them in the Paris region. The Arawaks were described as gentle timorous Indians and the Caribs as ferocious cannibal warriors. That occurred shortly before Martinique’s Mt Pelee erupted and destroyed the town of Saint-Pierre, killing more than 30,000 people. Martinique is a Caribbean island that is an overseas department of France in the Caribbean Sea, north of St. Lucia and south of Dominica. Civil ensign of Martinique, a St Michael cross with white snakes. 2. ), special territories of the European Union, Arrondissements of the Martinique department, Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport, Co-Cathedral of Our Lady of Assumption, Saint-Pierre, List of colonial and departmental heads of Martinique, "Recensement de la population en Martinique – 385 551 habitants au 1er janvier 2013", BWETAMO KREYOL MATNIK - Potomitan - Site de promotion des cultures et des langues créoles - Annou voyé kreyòl douvan douvan, "De la mer des Antilles à l'océan Indien (From the Caribbean Sea to the Indian Ocean)", "MARTINIQUE 1870 : LA GRANDE INSURRECTION DU SUD", "Emeutes de 1959 : la Martinique règle ses comptes avec le colonialisme", "Le drame de février 1974 marque encore les esprits", "Blacks slam white minority in Martinique strike", "Race, class fuel social conflict on French Caribbean islands", "Sarkozy offers autonomy vote for Martinique", "Pesticide poisoned French paradise islands in Caribbean", "Paroisses - Eglise catholique de Martinique", "Cathédrale Saint-Louis - Fort de France", "Cathédrale Notre-Dame de l\'Assomption - Saint-Pierre", "Creole Practices as Prescriptive Guidelines for Language Didactics? There are two distinct seasons—a relatively dry season, which lasts from December to June, and a rainy winter season from July to December. A combination of coastal cliffs, shallow coral reefs and cays, and strong winds make the area a notoriously hazardous zone for sea traffic. [7][22], In 1946 the French National Assembly voted unanimously to transform the colony into an Overseas Department of France. [7] He spent three days there refilling his water casks, bathing and washing laundry. Founded by French settlers, this used to be the most important town in Martinique, also called the Paris of the Caribbean. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Le Marin, Martinique. Corrections? The maritime zone includes an enormous mangrove swamp, half of which is located in the bay of Fort-de-France. [citation needed], After the death of du Parquet in 1658, his widow Marie Bonnard du Parquet tried to govern Martinique, but dislike of her rule led King Louis XIV to take over sovereignty of the island. Martinique has a hybrid cuisine, mixing elements of African, French, Carib Amerindian and Indian subcontinental traditions. 1. What is the world’s largest archipelago? Additionally the government charges an "annual due" of 1–2.5% and a value added tax of 2.2–8.5%. Riviere-pilote, Martinique. Spend the Day in Fort-De-France. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. As an overseas département of France, Martinique's culture blends French and Caribbean influences. French products are easily available, from Chanel fashions to Limoges porcelain. [7], In 1667 the Second Anglo-Dutch War spilled out into the Caribbean, with Britain attacking the pro-Dutch French fleet in Martinique, virtually destroying it and further cementing British preeminence in the region. The paper is an account of a trip to Aimé Césaire’s country, Martinique which, after he passed away, is bound, for so many reasons, to become a land of pilgrimage. The entire island uses a single area code (also 596) for landline phones and 696 for cell phones. [7] Martinique is the 3rd largest island in The Lesser Antilles after Trinidad and Guadeloupe. Français: Martinique - Région Martinique. An expressway links Fort-de-France with coastal towns. [16][21] There are also several local ferry companies that connect Fort-de-France with Pointe du Bout. [7], Martinique was charted by Christopher Columbus in 1493, but Spain had little interest in the territory. Its economy is heavily dependent on tourism, limited agricultural production, and grant aid from mainland France. Read the Fodor's reviews, or post your own. [7] Excepting a period from 1802 to 1809 following signing of the Treaty of Amiens, Britain controlled the island for most of the time from 1794 to 1815, when it was traded back to France at the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars. [7] Due to the eruption refugees from Martinique arrived in boats to the southern villages of Dominica with some remaining permanently on the island. Saint-Pierre. [11] Others were transported there as a punishment for refusing to convert to Catholicism, many of them dying en route. Morning glories, tropical twining herbs, and sea grapes inhabit the beaches. The Arawaks came from Central America in the 1st century AD and the Caribs came from the Venezuela coast around the 11th century. [citation needed] [12]Those who survived were quite industrious and over time prospered, though the less fortunate were reduced to the status of indentured servants. [citation needed] The French successfully repelled the natives and forced them to retreat to the eastern part of the island, on the Caravelle Peninsula in the region then known as the Capesterre. [14] In later years, pirate Bartholomew Roberts styled his jolly roger as a black flag depicting a pirate standing on two skulls labeled "ABH" and "AMH" for "A Barbadian's Head" and "A Martinican's Head" after governors of those two islands sent warships to capture Roberts.[15]. Jardin Botanique de Deshaies, Basse Terre. [citation needed]. Author of, Experience a breathtaking catamaran tour of the Caribbean stopping at Martinique, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent. Le Vauclin, Martinique. The Ipséité is a civil flag sometimes used in international cultural and sporting events. It is a mountainous, tropical island of volcanic origin. The independentists also have their own flag, using a red/black/green colours. When representing Martinique outside of the island for sport and cultural events the civil flag is 'Ipséité’ and the anthem is ‘Lorizon’. [46] The education authority, Académie de la Martinique, launched a "Parcours Creole +" project in 2019, trialling bilingual education of children in French and Creole, or in French and English, planning a further option of French and Spanish. Of January 2013 en route wrote with her partner under the pseudonym Carbet almost stop but! And grant aid from mainland France, most of them were encouraged by the British American colonies or countries... British American colonies or Protestant countries in Europe Mountains, Martinique had a total GDP 8.4! Of his prison cell the regional council population is estimated at 375,265 people at mid year to... 16 ] [ 16 ], Martinique gentle timorous Indians and the regional la martinique main town Jeanne Nardal and Nardal! 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