Cited in Holschen, Jolie (2004) The female athlete. Knudson, Duane (2003) An integrated approach to the introductory biomechanics course. 2009. J Appl Physiol, 1990. (1989) The menstrual cycle and exercise: performance, muscle glycogen and substrate responses. 1977;301:793-807. (2000) biomechanics; run. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1987. PMID: 270952 British Journal of Sports Medicine 2002:36:95-101. The results of the current research point to fundamental anatomical differences between men and woman, differences that largely begin to appear during puberty and which have some bearing on running capability. These factors include muscle strength, aerobic power, heart size, lung mass, weight, bone size, articular surface size, leg length, basal metabolic rate and body fat. Cited in Holschen, Jolie (2004) The female athlete. Part 1: Mechanisms of injury and underlying risk factors. For instance, he calls attention to the blood pumping requirement of the upright human form: Daily in each individual, approximately 74,000 quarts of blood must travel through 100,000 miles of blood vessels from the brain to the feet and legs in a circular pattern. Female athletes are known to have a higher risk of injuring their anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL, while participating in competitive sports. Miura, H. et al. Lipsky (2001, citing Hennig, 2001) presented research findings on gender-specific requirements for athletic footwear designed for running. Men had significantly higher heel loads, but less midfoot loads, indicating that the arches of women do not support the middle of their feet. The research reviewed for this essay confirmed that performance differences between men and women are anatomical in nature and cannot be overcome by training alone. Taunton et al. ; He attributes this difference, not to a difference in training, but to physiological differences. (1990) Gender differences in substrate for endurance exercise. Martín-San Agustín R, Medina-Mirapeix F, Casaña-Granell J, García-Vidal JA, Lillo-Navarro C, Benítez-Martínez JC. Bartold (2004) adds to the literature on the differences in requirements for athletic shoes for men and women. However, it is not known if these biomechanical variables change differently between team athletes and dancers in the face of fatigue. Based on the works of Blaikie (n. d.) and Meyers (2002), the concept of a new form of extreme marathon;the ultramarathon;was described. According to Lipsky, these results support the conclusions that women have a ;stronger collapse of the longitudinal arch;during weight bearing; and have an ;increased tendency of pronation and the smaller amount of pressure to the ground. The results of Holschen;s research (2004), and cited works of other researchers, indicated that puberty marks the point at which males and females diverge in terms of factors that affect running capabilities. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 18, 276-280. Historically, according to Knudson (2003), the study of human biomechanics has alternated between emphasizing each of its two components—the biological and the mechanical. Part 1 of this study identified differences in the biomechanics of landing from a jump between dancers and team athletes, particularly female athletes, which may explain the epidemiological differences in ACL injuries between dancers and team athletes and the lack of a sex disparity within dancers. He claims that ;running footwear is largely designed and manufactured for male runners, making little recognition that women have significant injury issues compared to men. 2), 103-106. Accessibility These findings will be discussed and conclusions drawn. The athletic difference between male and female athletes are driven by the physical characteristics which are determined by the hormones and the genetics. Male athletes show more signs of aggression than their female counterparts, but this is common knowledge. The lowest end of the male range is three times higher than the highest end of the female range. Available from: http:/www. It also considers aspects of the behavior of sports implements, footwear and surfaces where these affect athletic performance or injury prevention. The News Journal, December 10, 2002. Gender-specific issues in each of these areas will be explored briefly as well. Conclusion: This material is available only on Freebooksummary, We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. ” FURTHER OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH As presented earlier, Holschen (2004) claims that “the female athlete remains less well understood and less well studied compared with male athletes, especially in the areas of performance factors, repetitive stress, and acute injuries,” suggesting that “the new millennium demands an increased emphasis on gender equity and the female athlete in all … Marathon & Beyond, May 2003. Southern Medical Journal, September 1, 2004. An Exploration of Machine-Learning Estimation of Ground Reaction Force from Wearable Sensor Data. Dollman, James (2003) A problem-based approach to teaching exercise physiology: gender differences in athletic performance. Science, July 30, 2004. Recent studies have identified neuromuscular differences between male and female athletes. The main types of Lipsky;s work (2001), including the citation of Hennig;s research (2001), involved a study of biomechanical factors in the design of athletic footwear. The more formal running competitions are typically classified by the length of the run: 100, 200, 400, 800, 1500, 5000, and 10000 meters as well as marathons (Dollman, 2003). DISCUSSION This essay began by placing the topic of biomechanical differences between male and female marathon runners in an evolutionary context. But, even when size is factored in, male oxygen consumption capacity is still fifteen to twenty percent higher. Most of the research either applied to males or did not identify the gender. , 8 ( Suppl addressed by applied Sports biomechanics ’ t stop running elite female distance runners force. Running is one of the female athlete that ; protect against overpronation three times higher in. Approximately ten percent lower in women, generally, can not swim, run, C. M. ( ). 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